The church was originally dedicated to St. Ursula and the 11,000 virgins. This is evident from the altarpiece from the late 15th century. The church is a village church located along the road from Aarhus to Horsens.
Tranbjerg Church was originally built with a flat beam ceiling. In the late Middle Ages (1350-1536), the flat ceiling in the choir was replaced by the cross vault that is now the ceiling above the choir.